Pregnancy And Infection Samples for Students †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Examine about the Pregnancy And Infection. Answer: Pregnancy and disease The above exploration article depicts about the intricacy of the invulnerable reaction happening at the hours of pregnancy of a lady. The resistant reaction by the placenta for explicit pathogens influences the powerlessness of the lady to irresistible maladies (Mor Cardenas, 2010). It is important to survey the cooperation of the pathogenic organisms with the placenta and its reactions to make a fitting prophylaxis treatment. Investigates with respect to this issue have been finished by numerous researchers. This theme has been explored by Gil Mor, Ingrid Cardenas, Vikki Abrahams, and Seth Guller, who had been investigating in the division of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive sciences. They have concentrated on the urgent inquiry whether the maternal insusceptibility goes about as a companion or adversary during pregnancy. They have attempted to build up another worldview for the fetal - maternal resistant response during pregnancy and furthermore the immunological reaction of the mother to different pathogens. As indicated by the creator, their fundamental test is to illuminate the immunological confusions of pregnancy for conveying the fitting treatment to the patients with pregnancy (Mor et al., 2011). During pregnancy the human desidua comprises of enormous number insusceptible cells, for example, the macrophages, the administrative T cells and the common executioner cells. At the hour of the principal trimester the dendritic cells, the NK cells and macrophages penetrates the d esidua and totals around the trophoblast cells that are attacking. decrease of the resistant cells ends the pregnancy (Pazos et al., 2012). In this manner the erasure of the macrophages represents an inconvenient impact on the placental turn of events. This paper depicts the allograft worldview recently portrayed in the paper article. As indicated by the suspicion of Sir Peter Medawar, Placenta is really an allograft that communicates proteins got from fatherly qualities and consequently ought to be dismissed under ordinary immunologic conditions however with the expanding information about placental science, it very well may be valued that placenta is progressively similar to a transplanted organ (Robbins Bakardjiev, 2012). The trophoblast and the maternal insusceptibility have developed in an agreeable manner to assist each other for the achievement of the pregnancy. As indicated by the Racicot ey al., (2014), there are sure immunological periods of pregnancy. The phases of pregna ncy are included by supreme fiery conditions. The first and the third trimester are master provocative and second trimester a mitigating. During the main stage the blastocysts need to attack the uterus epithelial coating for the implantation, break the endometrial tissue, which is again trailed by the replacement of the trophoblast of the endothelium and the vascular smooth muscles of the veins of the mother for a satisfactory fetal blood flexibly. The second immunological stage comprises of a quick fetal development. In the last immunological stage there is an inundation of the resistant cells. The star fiery condition causes uterus compression, removal of the infant and placenta dismissal. This disturbance of incendiary reaction influences the host microorganism communication and takes into account various sorts of diseases in would be moms (Mor et al., 2011). An article identified with this theme is pregnancy and disease by Athena P. Kourtis, M.D., Ph.D., Jennifer S. Peruse, M.D., M.P.H., and Densie J.Jamieson, M.D., M.P.H. The paper had been distributed from the Division of the regenerative wellbeing and advancement, Centers of the illness control and anticipation, Atlanta and the Department of the study of disease transmission and Biostatistics. Kourtis et al.., 2014, have expressed that in contrast with the non pregnant ladies, pregnant lady are increasingly defenseless to contaminations by infections like flu, hepatitis E and Herpes Simplex infection. Pregnancy is included by its resilience towards the placenta and the hatchling, which permits the development of the outside tissue without dismissal (Kourtis et al., 2014). The expanded degree of Estrogen and the progesterone may stifle the humoral resistance by smothering the creation of the B cell in the bone marrow. The inadequate insusceptible reaction towards viral diseases lies in the degree of the cell insusceptibility (Kourtis et al., 2014). The ill-advised resistant reaction to the viral antigens during the growth time frame happens because of the move in the T-aide cells from the Th-1 and the Th-2 cytokine (Silasi et al., 2014). The primary point of both the papers is to comprehend the immunological strides of pregnancy and the host organism cooperation so as to make appropriate preventive drugs and prophylaxis for forestalling diseases and pregnancy misfortune. References Kourtis, A. P., Read, J. S., Jamieson, D. J. (2014). Pregnancy and contamination. New England Journal of Medicine, 370(23), 2211-2218. Mor, G., Cardenas, I. (2010). The resistant framework in pregnancy: a special complexity.American diary of regenerative immunology,63(6), 425-433. Mor, G., Cardenas, I., Abrahams, V., Guller, S. (2011). Aggravation and pregnancy: the job of the resistant framework at the implantation site. Archives of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1221(1), 80-87. Pazos, M., Sperling, R. S., Moran, T. M., Kraus, T. A. (2012). The impact of pregnancy on fundamental resistance. Immunologic examination, 54(1-3), 254-261. Racicot, K., Kwon, J. Y., Aldo, P., Silasi, M., Mor, G. (2014). Understanding the unpredictability of the resistant framework during pregnancy. American Journal of Reproductive Immunology, 72(2), 107-116. Robbins, J. R., Bakardjiev, A. I. (2012). Pathogens and the placental stronghold. Current sentiment in microbiology, 15(1), 36-43. Silasi, M., Cardenas, I., Kwon, J. Y., Racicot, K., Aldo, P., Mor, G. (2015). Viral contaminations during pregnancy. American diary of regenerative immunology, 73(3), 199-213.

What to Look For in Writing Response Papers

What to Look For in Writing Response PapersWriting response papers is one of the most important tasks of any academic. A qualified writer or proofreader must understand every aspect of a student's thesis, including the grammatical, the selection of quotations, the use of wordings and citations, the arrangement of his or her notes, the presentation of the thesis in an argumentative manner and the first few paragraphs.It is essential that the writer or editor keeps in mind that the quality of a student's response is very important. An amateur can leave a nasty impression on a reader that will never be forgotten. Good spelling and grammatical errors by the writer can lead to an unintelligible document, therefore it is a must that the writer is a professional who knows how to type, to check his work and to make corrections when necessary.The writer or editor is required to give due weightage to the subject matter of the thesis before deciding on the style and format of the response paper . In addition, it should not be a one-man show. It should have sufficient facts to support its arguments and facts must be presented in the way in which they are needed by the readers.A writer or editor should have all the facts and references to back up his arguments. The responses must not be so lengthy that readers do not get a chance to read the whole thesis and argument. Rather, it must be brief and to the point. It is also essential that a response does not overburden the reader with all the details of the arguments.The best way to format the response is to use a format that is as brief as possible. Of course, the writer needs to be careful in the way he or she writes. A well-formatted response should be able to express what the author or editor wants to say. Of course, the style of the letter should complement the arguments and the author or editor should try to stay within the constraints set by the college.The best way to approach writing response papers is to go back to th e basics. A good writer can use common sense in making the paper fit the outline.Response papers may seem easy, but there are many nuances that can only be discovered through experience. While there are certain facts that can be stated without using the full arguments, it is vital that the writer uses these for the benefit of the reader. This will ensure that the reader understands the thesis of the paper and will make the work more readable.The style of writing a response paper will have an impact on the final outcome of the paper. It can even lead to the destruction of the thesis if the writer fails to adhere to the rules set by the college. The writer and editor are required to maintain proper grammar and usage of proper spelling.

Politcal Science Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Politcal Science - Essay Example On 20.7.1962, President Kennedy said something marking Bill Accelerating the Development of the Pacific Islands Trust Territory and the announcement was a declaration of bliss and satisfaction2 as he was worried about it before turning out to be President. The President, hailed as a visionary, had nothing illegal and sought after best outcomes. On twelfth August 1998, President Clinton made a statement3 These are extreme occasions for some American ranchers. We should keep on searching for approaches to help our homestead networks get past them. This announcement finds the President in complete concurrence with Congress and he was just indicating his anxiety and sympathy that may prompt further activities to invigorate the current law. In this way, Presidents make them just they have solid sentiments about a specific law and associated with it in one manner or other. There had been different comments on ongoing presidential marking explanations. Gregory Borse declares that Presidential marking isn't 'bypassing law'4. As indicated by him, 'it gathers extra-established forces of the President to the official branch'. In fact talking, it is a note that the President makes subsequent to marking, a token of his inclusion. Or then again essentially points out a part of the bill that President accepts to be disregarding Constitution. Marking articulation could be utilized as a weapon against the infringements of Congress on Executive position.

Stop Cluttering Up the Classroom Walls

Despite a teachers best intentions, a cluttered classroom environment could be distracting students from learning. Too much visual stimulation in the classroom can be distracting, the layout may be unwelcoming, or the classroom wall color may have a negative impact on mood. These elements of  classroom environment  can have a negative or positive effect on student academic performance. This general statement is supported by a growing  body of research on the critical impact that light, space, and room layout have on a students well-being, physically and emotionally. The Academy of Neuroscience for Architecture has collected information on this impact: Features of any architectural environment can  have an influence certain brain processes such as those involved in stress, emotion and memory (Edelstein 2009).   While it may be difficult to control all factors, the choice of materials on a classroom wall is the easiest to manage for a teacher.  The  Princeton University Neuroscience Institute  published the results of a study,â€Å"Interactions of Top-Down and Bottom-Up Mechanisms in Human Visual Cortex,†Ã‚  they conducted that discusses how the brain sorts out competing stimuli. One heading in the research notes: Multiple stimuli present in the visual field at the same time compete for neural representation...   In other words, the more stimulation in an environment, the more competition for attention from the part of a students  brain needed to focus. Michael Hubenthal and Thomas O’Brien reached the same conclusion in their research  Revisiting Your Classroom’s Walls: The Pedagogical Power of Posters  (2009). They found that a students  working  memory uses  different components that process visual and  verbal information . They agreed that too many posters, regulations, or information sources could have the  potential of overwhelming a students  working memory:   The  visual complexity caused by an  abundance of text and small images  can set  up an  overwhelming  visual/verbal  competition between  text and  graphics for which students must gain control in order to  give meaning to information. From Early Years to High School For many students, the  text and graphic-rich classroom environments begin in their early education (Pre-K and elementary) classrooms. These classrooms may be decorated to an extreme.   Too often,  clutter passes for quality, a  sentiment expressed by  Erika Christakis in her book  The Importance of Being Little: What Preschoolers Really Need from Grownups  (2016).  In  Chapter 2 (Goldilocks Goes to Daycare) Christakis describes the average preschool the following way: First well bombard you with what educators call a print-rich environment, every wall and surface festooned with a vertiginous array of labels, vocabulary list, calendars, graphs, classroom rules, alphabet lists, number charts, and inspirational platitudes - few of those symbols you will be able to decode, a favorite buzzword for what used to be known as reading(33). Christakis also list the other distractions that are also  hanging in plain sight:  the number of  mandated rules and regulations alongside decorations including hand washing instructions, allergy procedures, and emergency exit diagrams. She writes: In one study, researchers manipulated the amount of clutter on the walls of a laboratory classroom where kindergarteners were taught a series of science lessons. As the visual distraction increased, the childrens ability to focus, stay on task, and learn new information decreased (33). Researchers from The Holistic Evidence and Design (HEAD) support Christakiss position. They assessed  hundred fifty-three U.K. classrooms to study the link of classroom environment to the learning of almost four thousand students  (ages 5-11).  Researchers  Peter Barrett, Fay Davies, Yufan Zhang, and Lucinda Barrett published their findings in  The Holistic Impact of Classroom Spaces on Learning in Specific Subjects  (2016).  They reviewed the impact of different factors, including color, on student learning, by looking at measures of progress in reading, writing, and math.  They found that reading and writing performances are particularly affected by levels of  stimulation. They also noted that math received  the most positive impact from a classroom design that is student-centered and personalized spaces. Environment Element: Color in the Classroom The color of the classroom can also stimulate or overstimulate students. This environmental element may not always be under the teachers control, but there are some recommendations teachers might be able to make. For example, the colors  red and orange are associated with negative impact on students, making them feel nervous and unsettled. In contrast, blue and green colors are calming colors.   The color  of an environment also affects children differently according to age. Younger children below five may be more productive with bright colors such as yellow. Older students, specifically high school students, work better in rooms painted in light shades of blue and green which are less stressful and distracting.  Ã‚  Warm yellows or pale yellows are also older student appropriate. The scientific research into color is extensive and color can affect children’s moods, mental clarity, and energy levels,  (Englebrecht, 2003).   According to the International Association of Color Consultants - North America (IACC-NA), a school’s physical environment has a  powerful psycho-physiological impact on its students:   â€Å"Appropriate color design is important in protecting eyesight, in creating surroundings that are conducive to studying, and in promoting physical and mental health.† The IACC has noted that poor color choices can lead to irritability, premature fatigue, lack of interest and behavioral problems.   Alternatively,  walls with no color can also be a problem. Colorless and poorly lit classrooms are often considered boring or lifeless, and a  boring classroom maybe likely to cause  students to become disengaged and uninterested in learning. â€Å"For budget reasons, a lot of schools don’t seek out good information on color,† says Bonnie Krims, of IACC. She notes that in the past, there was a common belief that the more colorful the classroom, the better for the students. Recent research disputes past practice, and that too much color, or colors that are too bright, can lead to overstimulation. An accent wall of bright color in a classroom may be offset by muted shades on the other walls.  Ã¢â‚¬Å"The goal is to find a balance,† Krims concludes.   Natural Light Dark colors are equally problematic. Any color that lessens or filters  natural sunlight out of a room can even make people feel drowsy and listless (Hathaway, 1987).  There are multiple studies that point to the  beneficial effects of natural light  on health and mood. One medical study found that patients who had access to a scenic view of nature had shorter hospital stays and required lower amounts of pain medication than those patients who had windows that faced a brick building. The official  blog of the U.S. Department of Education posted a  2003 study  (in  California)  that  found that classrooms with the most (natural light)  daylighting had a 20 percent better learning rate in math, and a 26 percent improved rate in reading, compared to classrooms with little or no daylighting. The study also noted that in some cases,  teachers  needed only  to reposition furniture or move  storage to  take advantage of the available natural light in their classrooms.  Ã‚   Overstimulation and Special Needs Students Overstimulation is an issue with students who may have Autistic Spectrum Disorder  (ASD).  The Indiana Resource Center for Autism  recommends that teachers try to limit  auditory and visual distractions so that students can  focus on the concepts that are being taught instead of details that may not be relevant, and reduces competing distractions. Their  recommendation is to limit these distractions: Often when students with ASD are presented with too much stimulus (visual or auditory), processing may slow down, or if overloaded, processing may stop completely.   This approach may prove  beneficial for other students as well.  While  a  classroom rich in materials may support learning,  a cluttered classroom that overstimulates  may be too distracting to many students whether they special needs or not. Color also matters for special needs students. Trish Buscemi, the owner of  Colors Matter, has experience in advising clients what color palette to use with special needs populations.  Buscemi has found that blues, greens, and muted brown tones tend to be appropriate choices for students with ADD and ADHD, and she writes on her blog  that: The brain remembers color first! Let the Students Decide At the secondary level,  teachers could have  students make contributions to help shape a learning space. Giving students a voice in designing their space along will help develop student ownership in the classroom.  The  Academy of Neuroscience for Architecture  agrees, and notes  the importance of being able to have spaces that students can call their own. Their literature explains, Feelings of comfort and welcome in a shared space are vital to the level in which we feel invited to take part.  Students are more likely to  take pride in the space, and they are more likely to support each others efforts to contribute ideas and maintain organization.   Also, teachers should be encouraged to feature student work, maybe original pieces of art, displayed to elicit trust and student worth.   What Decorations to Choose? To reduce classroom clutter, teachers could ask themselves the following questions before putting that velcro or removable tape onto the classroom wall: What purpose does this  poster, sign or display serve?Do  these  posters, signs, or items celebrate or support student learning?Are the  posters, signs, or displays  current with what is being learned in the classroom?Can the display  be made interactive?Is there  white space in between wall displays to help the  eye distinguish what is in the display?Can students contribute to decorating the classroom (ask â€Å"What do you think could go inside that space?†) As the school year begins, teachers should keep in mind opportunities to limit distractions and reduce classroom clutter for better academic performance.

Gloria Ladson Billings, An Author, Teacher Educator And...

Biography Gloria Ladson-Billings is an author, teacher educator and former public school teacher. Currently, she is the Chair of the Department of Curriculum Instruction and Faculty Affiliate of the Departments of Educational Policy Studies and Afro American Studies at the University of Wisconsin-Madison. Ladson-Billings wrote numerous journal articles and books on pedagogical practices of teachers who are successful with African American students and the Critical Race Theory in regards to education. Contribution to Education Gloria Ladson-Billings spent time observing teachers in public schools that were located in predominately low-socioeconomic school districts to figure out what makes them successful with typically low performing students. Some of the things she observed are all the teachers â€Å"shared pride in and commitment to their profession and had an underlying belief that all children could be successful† (learnnc). Furthermore, these teachers established trusting relationships with their students that allowed the students to take responsibility for their own learning. Lastly, these teachers also went beyond the classroom to show support for their students such as attending community events. These observations led Ladson-Billings to realize that in order for â€Å"teachers to use culturally relevant pedagogy successfully, they must also show respect for students, and understand the need for the students to operate in the dual worlds of their home community and theShow MoreRelatedThe E ducational Researcher: Review and Response1912 Words   |  8 Pagesits pages. In my opinion, the Educational Researcher tends to lean more towards the liberal/progressive side, because the articles they publish tend to have some very progressive ideas, theories and research. The journal also tends to side with educators and professors who for the most part usually lean a little to the left. The Educational Researcher is published nine times during the year. The fact that the journal only has nine issues makes the subject matter more valuable. The subjects published

Intro to Sociology - 1018 Words

1a. Define routinization: †¢ Routinization is the way people go about doing something. It’s a method to organize chaos and when practiced it accomplishes the goal quickly and effectively. There are different methods used, but ultimately routinization produces the desired result. 1b. Strategies in the ER: †¢ In the essay by Chambliss’ essay, â€Å"Just Another Routine Emergency†, we learn of the best strategies that are used in the ER’s across the USA to routinize chaos. One of the main strategies used is keeping the public out of the work area. By doing this it helps maintain tranquility for the patients and the hospital staff. It is normal for people to panic during an emergency, but it is just the opposite for healthcare professionals†¦show more content†¦When you dissect the four words and look at them individually you can figure out what the essay consists of. It is strong title with key terms that make you stop and think for a minute. To me, the most important word in that title is â€Å"becoming†. To â€Å"become† is to undergo change or development on your own free will. In order to become something or someone you must want to learn the skills and successfully master them. This is why the word â€Å"becoming† in the title â€Å"Becoming a Hit Man† is the most interesting to me. 3b. SOC 201 and â€Å"Becoming A Hit Man†: †¢ Reading an essay like this in SOC 201 is fitting because it makes you think differently, learn something new and see from a different perspective. Through SOC 201 we learn to ask questions in a way that allows us to get the most honest answers possible in order for us students to better understand the way people think. In â€Å"Becoming A Hit Man† we learn about the thought process that goes into thinking, planning, carrying out the murder. In this essay we meet a hit man named â€Å"Pete† and he explains to Levi that there are â€Å"economic motives† that got him into doing it and that now it’s â€Å"just a job†... a job that pays the bills. Further more we learn that it wasn’t always easy for Pete. On his first kill he immediately got sick to his stomach and couldn’t keep anything down for the next two months. This introduces the term â€Å"frame break† explained by Goffman as a way of controlling the situationShow Mor eRelatedIntro to Sociology1167 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿Intro to Sociology – 1/28 Book: Sidewalk by Dunier Available in NYU Bookstore March 13 – Midterm Exam 30% of Grade May 15 – Final Exam (8 in the Morning) Courses are central to the idea of concept ideas. Readings and course as whole might test hypothesis like pink Floyd, Another Brick in the Wall (No M/C, small essays). What is a Social Science? Empirical, Systematic, Conceptual. 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Accessed Sheet of Online Bank Sheet

Question: Describe about the Report for Accessed Sheet of Online Bank Sheet. Answer: 1. The Operating profit of power drill product for the last twelve months computed from the data provided is given below: Sales 20000 selling price $130 Revenue $26,00,000 Variable manufacturing cost $50 Variable cost $10,00,000 Fixed Manufacturing costs $4,00,000 Variable selling and administrative costs $30 Variable selling and administrative costs $6,00,000 Fixed selling and administrative costs $3,00,000 Operating Profit $3,00,000 Profit margin 11.5% The company is evaluating various courses of actions in order to increase the profitability of the product. The profitability of each of the three proposals is presented below: Proposal 1 Suggestion increase in sale price by $10 with additional expenditure on national advertising of $125,000 in order to maintain the sales volume. Sales 20000 selling price $140 Revenue $28,00,000 Variable manufacturing cost $50 Variable cost $10,00,000 Fixed Manufacturing costs $4,00,000 Variable selling and administrative costs $30 Variable selling and administrative costs $6,00,000 Fixed selling and administrative costs $4,25,000 Operating Profit $3,75,000 Profit margin 13.4% Proposal 2 Suggestion increase the variable cost by $5 to improve quality of the product along with an advertising campaign costing $50,000 which will lead to an increase in sales of 25% Sales 25000 selling price $130 Revenue $32,50,000 Variable manufacturing cost $55 Variable cost $13,75,000 Fixed Manufacturing costs $4,00,000 Variable selling and administrative costs $30 Variable selling and administrative costs $7,50,000 Fixed selling and administrative costs $3,50,000 Operating Profit $3,75,000 Profit margin 11.5% Proposal 3 Suggestion a decrease in selling price of the product by $10 in the first three months from April to June which will lead to an increase in the units sold by 4000. Thereafter, the selling price will be as the original. An advertising campaign costing $40000 to be launched. Contribution margin for first three months Sales 10000 selling price $120 Revenue $12,00,000 Variable manufacturing cost $50 Variable cost $5,00,000 Variable selling and administrative costs $30 Variable selling and administrative costs $3,00,000 Contribution Margin $4,00,000 Contribution margin for the next 9 months Sales 14000 selling price $130 Revenue $18,20,000 Variable manufacturing cost $50 Variable cost $7,00,000 Variable selling and administrative costs $30 Variable selling and administrative costs $4,20,000 Contribution Margin $7,00,000 Operating Income Total Contribution margin $11,00,000 Fixed Manufacturing costs $4,00,000 Fixed selling and administrative costs $3,40,000 Operating Income $3,60,000 Profit margin 11.9% Analysis of the three proposals Proposal Operating profit margin Original 11.5% Proposal 1 13.4% Proposal 2 11.5% Proposal 3 11.9% From the above table, we see that proposal 1 has the highest profit margins. However, it may not be the best option. This is because an increase in the price of the product normally does not go well with the consumers. Even an added advertising may not attract them to the product as the product is expensive. The increased price may offer higher profits but with an increase in the price, the quantity sold may go down. Hence, this proposal may rather work negatively for the company. Proposal 2 does not offer any increase in profit margins. Moreover there is an assumption that the sales volume may increase by 25% as a result of improved product quality and advertising campaign. But 25% is quite huge and unrealistic. Since, the proposal does not offer any additional margins; it is not advisable to go ahead with the proposal. Proposal 3 offers a slight increase in the profit margins. This proposal looks more realistic as it is based on a reduction in price. Price has the highest elasticity when it comes to quantity demanded. With a fall in price, there are high chances that the demand for the products would increase. Moreover, an advertising campaign launched before the reduction in price will make the consumers aware of the product and a sudden fall in price thereafter will motivate them to buy the product. Therefore it is recommended that the company should go ahead with the proposal 3 of reducing the price by $10 in the first three months and maintaining t at the original thereafter. 2. The budgeted income statement of Tassie Company is presented below: Per unit Total Sales 150000 Selling price $15.0 Revenue $22,50,000 Direct Material $2.5 $3,75,000 Direct labour $3.0 $4,50,000 Variable factory overhead $1.5 $2,25,000 Fixed factory overhead $2.0 $3,00,000 Variable selling and administrative cost $2.0 $3,00,000 Fixed selling and administrative cost $1.5 $2,25,000 Total cost $18,75,000 Operating Income $3,75,000 a) Capacity of the company is 200000 units per year The government bid is for 40000 units and the budgeted unit is 150000, so a total 190000 units will have to be produced which are within the capacity of the company. The income statement for 190000 units is presented below: Sales 190000 Sale price $15.0 Revenue $28,50,000 Direct Material $2.5 $4,75,000 Direct labour $3.0 $5,70,000 Variable factory overhead $1.5 $2,85,000 Fixed factory overhead $3,00,000 Variable selling and administrative cost $2.0 $3,80,000 Fixed selling and administrative cost $2,25,000 Total cost $22,35,000 Operating Income $6,15,000 A bid of 40000 units should be made. b) Capacity of the factory is 180000 units In this case, only 30000 units can be produced additionally on the basis of capacity of the company. The income statement for the 180000 units is presented below: Per unit Total Sales 180000 Selling price $15.0 Revenue $27,00,000 Direct Material $2.5 $4,50,000 Direct labour $3.0 $5,40,000 Variable factory overhead $1.5 $2,70,000 Variable selling and administrative cost $2.0 $3,60,000 Fixed factory overhead $3,00,000 Fixed selling and administrative cost $2,25,000 Total cost $21,45,000 Operating Income $5,55,000 The bid should be of 30000 units 3. No, salary and depreciation cannot be regarded as an asset on the balance sheet. Salary is paid to an employee of the organisation. An item is recorded in the balance sheet as an asset if it can be measured and sold and there is a past transaction involved like purchase of asset. Since the employees cannot be purchased or sold, the salary paid to them cannot be regarded as an asset. There is no transaction involved in hiring an employee unlike an asset like plant machinery. Salary is treated an expense in the income statement for the period for which the services of the employees are taken. However, in case a salary is paid in advance to the employees, it appears in the balance sheet as a prepaid expense. (Back, 2010) Depreciation is the reduction in the value of an asset over a period of time. Depreciation is reported an expense in the income statement for the period to which it relates to. Accumulated depreciation is the total depreciation charged to the asset till date. It appears in the balance sheet and is a contra asset. It cannot be regarded as an asset because the value stores in the accumulated depreciation do not produce any economic value to the company in the future. It is the economic value that has been consumed. It cannot also be considered a liability because it does not represent any obligations of the company to be paid for. Hence accumulated depreciation is a contra asset and appears as a negative balance under the asset to which it relates to. 4. Overhead allocation rate for labour intensive process Indirect costs $98,400 Direct labour hours 25795 Overhead allocation rate $3.8 Total costs of the special order No. of trailer 350 Direct material $33,810.0 Direct labour $17,780.2 Machine Hours $6,667.6 Indirect costs $1,335.1 Total cost $59,592.9 Working Notes a) Direct labour cost per trailer The budgeted direct labour cost and the direct labour hours have been used to calculate the cost of labour per unit. $327,600 / 25,795 = $12.7 b) Machine cost per trailer The budgeted labour cost per trailer has been used to calculate the machine cost for the special order 12.7 * 525 = $6,667.6 c) Indirect costs Overhead rate * no. of trailers = 3.8 * 350 = $1,335.1 Cost of special order with machine hours as indirect cost allocation base Indirect costs $98,400.0 Machine hours 9840 Overhead allocation rate $10.0 Cost of special order No. of trailer 350 Direct material $33,810.0 Direct labour $17,780.2 Machine Hours $6,667.6 Indirect costs $3,500.0 Total cost $61,757.8 Minimum price per trailer Minimum price Cost per unit Labour hours allocation base $170.27 Machine hours allocation base 176.4507 Under a segmented overhead cost pool, the overheads are grouped into one cost pool and these costs are allocated to the different products using a predetermined overhead rate. A company may also choose to make several cost pools for each function like assembly, packaging, quality control etc. and allocate the overhead costs of each pool to the products using a different overhead rate for each pool. This will yield more accurate results and will help in a more accurate pricing. Activity based costing is a process under the overheads are allocated to the products on the basis of their usage of the overhead. There are two steps under ABC, first is to identify various activities undertaken with regard to the product like assembly, transport, packaging, labelling, etc. The total cost of each activity is determined and then on the basis of the usage of the activities by the product, the overhead costs are assigned to the products to arrive at the total product cost. This is a more accurate way of determining the price of the product as the overheads are allocated on a rational basis and products using more of the expensive activities are allocated higher costs and vice versa. (CIMA, 2008) References Back, L., (2010), The Most Important Assets are not on the Balance Sheet, accessed online on 9th September, 2016, available at https://www.triplepundit.com/2010/09/the-most-important-assets-are-not-on-the-balance-sheet/ CIMA, (2008), Activity Based Costing, Topic Gateway Series No. 1, accessed online on 9th September, 2016, available at, https://www.cimaglobal.com/Documents/ImportedDocuments/cid_tg_activity_based_costing_nov08.pdf.pdf

Copyright Laws Definitions

A copyright is a law that protects the ideas and expressions of people from being stolen or used by other people. Copyrights are usually prepared for literary forms of works, photographic material, musical or song compositions, films or motion pictures and sound recordings.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Copyright Laws Definitions specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Copyright laws are designed to protect the expressed idea in the forms stated above and not the idea or piece of information itself (Australian Government, 2009). A copyright law is viewed to be in effect once any of the following two conditions are satisfied which are; creating an original piece of work and the use of the original piece of work in a tangible form such as a book or picture (Standler, 2009). The copyright laws were originally formulated in the United Kingdom after being derived from the common law known as the Statute of Anne 1709. The r ights that were covered in the statute gave the authors or designers of literary or artistic works the right to control how the public used their material. The law also gave the creator of the work the right to be identified as the main designer or author of the copyright work. The author had the exclusive right to claim the original idea or expression used in creating the literary, artistic, or musical work (Copy right service, 2009). The types of works that are covered by the copyright law are literary works such as song lyrics, book manuscripts, computer programs and business/academic manuals and documents. Dramatic works covered by the copyright laws include works such as drama, plays or poems while musical works include song lyrics, music compositions and song recordings. Copyrights for artistic works include creating laws for works such as photographs, paintings, maps, architectural designs, sculptures and technical diagrams. Interpreting when to enforce a copyright will invol ve copyrighting the tangible medium of the idea instead of the idea or expression itself. To explain this statement, an idea for a book cannot be protected but the actual contents of the book are viable for copyright protection.Advertising Looking for essay on intellectual property? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Another person might decide to write a book with a similar topic as long as they do not reproduce information contained in another book and pass it off as their own work (Davies, 2010). The author or designer of any copyright material has the exclusive right to make copies of their work or reproduce it when they feel the need to, they have the right to prepare derivative works such as adapting the material to suit a particular need, to distribute the reproduced work to the general public or the intended market by publishing the work, renting or leasing the copyrighted material or selling the material to the mentioned public or the target market. The author of the copyright also has the exclusive right to perform the work that comes with the copyright in a public manner as well as display the work in a public format (Standler, 2009). The duration of a copyright will be determined by the type of work to be copyrighted, the availability of the work to the public, and the status of the author or creator of the work. Literary and artistic works such as photographs, films and songs have a copyright duration of 70 years that is effected at the end of the calendar year. Sound recordings have a copyright duration of 50 years from the end of the calendar year when the work was originally created by the author or when the work was made available to the public. Copyright laws have restricted acts that are deemed to be punishable by the laws that govern the copyright (Davies, 2010). Restricted acts to copyrights include reproducing the original work of the author without their consent, leasing/renting, issu ing, or lending the work to the public without the knowledge of the author and performing the copyrighted such as a song or musical composition without the consent of the owner. The acts that are allowed by the copyright laws include all aspects encompassed by fair dealing which describes the copyright acts that are allowed as long as they do not infringe on the author’s original work.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Copyright Laws Definitions specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The permissible acts include conducting research activities using the copyright material, using information in the original work for educational purposes, incorporating copyright work for news reporting and criticism purposes, using the copyright for the purpose of statutory enquiries, parliamentary proceedings, and judicial cases and hearings. Other permissible acts include producing back up copies of the work for personal use which mostly applies in computer programming software and hardware programs. The act of playing a musical copyright work for a non profit making organization is also permissible (Copyright Service, 2009). Copyright laws were formulated to deal with cases of plagiarism or theft of ideas/information from text books, visual images or motion pictures and music recordings. Plagiarism is described as taking someone else’s original ideas and using the ideas to create a piece of work without providing a proper reference to the idea. Plagiarizing work that has a copyright is at times viewed to be a copyright infringement on the author’s original work but in some cases it is not an infringement if the author is dead and the material is older than 100 years. For example, any work created by William Shakespeare is used to develop literary material or dramatic and artistic works. This will not qualify as copyright infringement because Shakespeare’s works are too old but it would still be plagiarism if Shakespeare is not cited or referenced in the work (Plagiarism Checker, 2006). Copyright infringement occurs when the work of someone is used or reproduced without the consent of the author or designer of that original work. Students have the copyrights to their assignments as long as they have provided the original idea or information that was used to create the work. They are however liable for infringement if they do not give the proper credit to the source of information that is not originally theirs (Coopman Lull, 2008). Derivative work occurs when a person takes copyrighted material and changes the content of the material to reflect a different idea.Advertising Looking for essay on intellectual property? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The author of the derivative work is therefore seen to share a copyright with the author of the original work and does not have an entitlement to full ownership of the copyright (Plagiarism Checker, 2006). The restrictions placed on copyright are similar to those placed for dealing with plagiarism cases. The University of Maryland policies regard plagiarism to be the use of someone else’s written work which includes using phrases or diagrams from another source without proper citation and also the paraphrasing of ideas or information contained in written works. The policies also define plagiarism as the use of all or part of a literary work such as a poem, a musical composition, a film or an artistic work without giving the proper credit to the author (UMUC, 2010). The restrictions which are set forth for dealing with cases of plagiarism, or cheating in academic institutions include a reduction in the overall grade of the work found to have been plagiarised, a grade of zero o r F is given for the plagiarized work, a requirement to redo the work that will see the student getting a lower grade, a discussion with the instructor to determine that will see the offender redoing the work after which it will be remarked by the instructor with the appropriate grade but with a record of the plagiarism case, suspension or expulsion from the academic institution for a student caught with several cases of academic dishonesty, the opening of a disciplinary file or record for the student if caught with cases of dishonesty, plagiarism or academic dishonesty (Moon, 2005). The restrictions that are placed for copyright materials are divided into two parts which are concerned with the freedom given to organs of information such as the media to publish reports or information that will serve the public interest and the use of specialized media organs such as newspapers, articles, magazines and newsletters to publicise the copyrighted information. The reproduction of informat ion that is deemed to be copyright material is viewed to be free except where the law places a stipulation for the notice of expression or the reservation of rights to use the copyrighted material (UNESCO, 2010). A restriction that is present in all copyright laws deals with making the reasonable use of works of another person by incorporating quotation marks, paraphrasing excerpts from the original work or using the work for criticism, reporting and research purposes. This restriction is referred to as fair use (UNESCO, 2010). The UK law on copyrights was amended in 2003 to limit the number of permissible circumstances that are allowed for using copyrighted material. The amendments were meant to be used by academic institutions and other institutions that used literary, artistic, musical and dramatic works. The amendments saw the addition of restrictions to permitted uses of copyright materials which are that the work will be used for non-commercial purposes and the use of the copy rights will require acknowledgement of the original author (Mackenzie Walker, 2008). References Australian Government (2009). Copyright. Retrieved from: http://www.ag.gov.au/www/agd/agd.nsf/page/Copyright Coopman, S.J. Lull, J. (2008). Public speaking: the evolving art. Boston, US: Wadsworth Cengage Learning Copyright Service (2009). Fact sheet P-01: UK copyright law. Retrieved from: http://www.copyrightservice.co.uk/copyright/p01_uk_copyright_law Davies, G. (2010). General guidelines on copyright. In Davies G. (Ed) Information and communications Technology for Language Teachers. Thames Valley University.  Retrieved from: http://www.ict4lt.org/en/en_copyright.htm Mackenzie, J. Walker, K. (2008). Copyright restrictions increased: the effect of  education. Retrieved from: http://www.out-law.com/page-332 Moon, J. (2005). Plagiarism in higher education: an integrated approach. New York: Pent House Plagiarism Checker (2006). Plagiarism and copyright infringement: is copying illega l? Retrieved from: http://www.plagiarismchecker.com/plagiarism-vs-copyright.php Standler, R.B. (2009). Some observations on copyright law. Retrieved from: http://www.rbs2.com/copyr.htm UNESCO (2010) Legal restrictions in copyright. Retrieved from: http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0014/001439/143974eb.pdf University of Maryland University College (UMUC) (2010). Policy 150.25 academic  dishonesty and plagiarism. Retrieved from: http://www.umuc.edu/policy/academic/aa15025.shtml This essay on Copyright Laws Definitions was written and submitted by user Diamond Bishop to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Od and Change Essay Example

Od and Change Essay Example Od and Change Essay Od and Change Essay OD and Change The Message Is Clear Change Or Disappear There’s no off season anymore Nolan Ryan You miss 100% of the shots you never take Wayne Gretsky Somebody has to do something, and its just incredibly pathetic that it has to be us. Jerry Garcia, the Grateful Dead CHANGE AN ONGOING PROCESS Companies no longer have a choice, they must change to survive. Unfortunately, people tend to resist change. It is not easy to change an organization, let alone an individual. This puts increased pressure on management to learn the subtleties of change.This final chapter was written to help managers navigate the journey of change. FORCES OF CHANGE How do organizations know when they should change? What cues should an organization look for? Organizations encounter many different forces for change. These forces come from external sources outside the organization and from internal sources. This section examines the forces that create the need for change. Awareness of these forces can help managers determine when they should consider implementing an organizational change. EXTERNAL FORCESExternal forces for change originate outside the organization. Because these forces have global effects, they may cause an organization to question the essence of what business it is in and the process by which products and services are produced. There are four key external forces for change: demographic characteristics. technological advancements, market changes, and social and political pressures. Each is now discussed. 1. Demographic Characteristics (1) the workforce is more diverse and (2) there is a business imperative to effectively manage diversity.Organizations need to effectively manage diversity if they are to receive maximum contribution and commitment from employees. 2. Technological Advancements Both manufacturing and service organizations are increasingly using technology as a means to improve productivity and market competitiveness. Manufacturing companies, for instance, have automated their operations with robotics, computerized numerical control (CNC), which is used for metal cutting operations, and computer-aided design (CAD). CAD is a computerized process of drafting and designing engineering drawings of products.Companies have just begun to work on computer- integrated manufacturing (CIM). This highly technical process attempts to integrate product design with product planning. control. and operations In contrast to these manufacturing technologies, the service sector of the US economy is using office automation. Office automation consists of a host of computerized technologies that are used to obtain, store, analyze, retrieve, and communicate information. The factory of the future will have only two employees, a man and a dog. The man will be there to feed the dog.The dog will be there to keep the man from touching the equipment. Warren Bennis 3. Market Changes The emergence of a global economy is forcing US companies to change the way they do business. Companies are having to forge new partnerships with their suppliers in order to deliver higher quality products at lower prices. 4. Social and Political Pressures These forces are created by social and political events. Managers thus may need to adjust their managerial style or approach to fit changing employee values. Political events can create substantial change.For example, the collapse of both the Berlin Wall and communism in Russia created many new business opportunities. Although it is difficult for organizations to predict changes in political forces, many organizations hire lobbyists and consultants to help them detect and respond to social and political changes. INTERNAL FORCES Internal forces for change come from inside the organization. These forces may be subtle, such as low morale, or can manifest in outward signs, such as low productivity and conflict. Internal forces for change come from both human resource problems and managerial behavior/decisions. . Human Resource Problems/Prospects These problems stem from employee perceptions about how they are treated at work and the match between individual and organization needs and desires. Dissatisfaction is a symptom of an underlying employee problem that should be addressed. Unusual or high levels of absenteeism and turnover also represent forces for change. Organizations might respond to these problems by using the various approaches to job design, by implementing realistic job previews, by reducing employees role conflict, overload, and ambiguity, and by removing the different stressors.Prospects for positive change stem from employee participation and suggestions. 2. Managerial Behavior/Decisions Excessive interpersonal conflict between managers and their subordinates is a sign that change is needed. Both the manager and the employee may need interpersonal skills training, or the two individuals may simply need to be separated. For example, one of the parties might be transferred to a new department. Inappropriate leader behaviors such as inadequate direction or support may result in human resource problems requiring change.Leadership training is one potential solution for this problem. Inequitable reward systems are additional forces for change. MODELS AND DYNAMICS OF PLANNED CHANGE American managers are criticized for emphasizing short-term, quick-fix solutions to organizational problems. When applied to organizational change, this approach is doomed from the start. Quick-fix solutions do not really solve underlying problems and they have little staying power. Researchers and managers alike have thus tried to identify effective ways to manage the change process. This section sheds light on their insights.After discussing different types of organizational changes. we review Lewins change model, a systems model of change, and organization development. Lewins Change Model Most theories of organizational change originated from the landmark work of social psychologist Kurt Lewin. Lewin developed a three-stage model of planned change which explained how to initiate, manage, and stabilize the change process. The three stages are unfreezing, changing, and refreezing. Before reviewing each stage, it is important to highlight the assumptions that underlie this model: 1.The change process involves learning something new, as well as discontinuing current attitudes, behaviors, or organizational practices. 2. Change will not occur unless there is motivation to change. This is often the most difficult part of the change process. 3. People are the hub of all organizational changes. Any change, whether in terms of structure, group process, reward systems, or job design, requires individuals to change. 4. Resistance to change is found even when the goals of change are highly desirable. 5. Effective change requires reinforcing new behaviors, attitudes, and organizational practices.The three stages of change. Unfreezing The focus of this stage is to create the motivation to change. In so doing, individuals are encouraged to replace old behaviors and attitudes with those desired by management. Managers can begin the unfreezing process by disconfirming the usefulness or appropriateness of employees present behaviors or attitudes. Changing Because change involves learning, this stage entails providing employees with new information, new behavioral models, or new ways of looking at things. The purpose is to help employees learn new concepts or points of view.Role models, mentors, experts, benchmarking the company against world-class organizations, and training are useful mechanisms to facilitate change. Refreezing Change is stabilized during refreezing by helping employees integrate the changed behavior or attitude into their normal way of doing things. This is accomplished by first giving employees the chance to exhibit the new behaviors or attitudes. Once exhibited, positive reinforcement is used to reinforce the desired. Additional coaching and modeling also are used at this point to reinforce the stability of the change.Resistance to Change Individual Sources of Resistance Fear of the Unknown Self-Interest Habit Personality Conflicts Differing Perceptions General Mistrust Social Disruptions Organizational Sources of Resistance Structural Inertia Bureaucratic Inertia Group Norms A Resistant Organizational Culture Threatened Power Threatened Expertise Threatened Resource Allocation UNDERSTANDING AND MANAGING RESISTANCE TO CHANGE We are all creatures of habit. It generally is difficult for people to try new ways of doing things.It is precisely because of this basic human characteristic that most employees do not have enthusiasm for change in the workplace. Rare is the manager who does not have several stories about carefully cultivated changes that died on the vine because of resistance to change. It is important for managers to learn to manage resistance because failed change efforts are costly. Costs include decreased employee loyalty, lowered probability of achieving corporate goals, a waste of money and resources, and difficulty in fixing the failed change effort.This section examines employee resistance to change, relevant research, and practical ways of dealing with the problem. Why People Resist Change in the Workplace 1. An individuals predisposition toward change. 2. Surprise and fear of the unknown. 3. Climate of mistrust. 4. Fear of failure. 5. Loss of status and/or job security. 6. Peer pressure. 7. Disruption of cultural traditions and/or group relationships. 8. Personality conflicts. 9. Lack of tact and/or poor timing. 10. Nonreinforcing reward systems. RESEARCH ON RESISTANCE TO CHANGEThe classic study of resistance to change was reported in 1948 by Lester Coch and John R P French. They observed the introduction of a new work procedure in a garment factory. The change was introduced in three different ways to separate groups of workers. In the no participation group, the garment makers were simply told about the new procedure. Members of a second group, called the representative group, were introduced to the change by a trained co-worker. Employees in the total participation group learned of the new work procedure through a graphic presentation of its cost-saving potential.Mixed results were recorded for the representative group. The no participation and total participation groups, meanwhile, went in opposite directions. Output dropped sharply for the no participation group, while grievances and turnover climbed. After a small dip in performance, the total participation group achieved record-high output levels while experiencing no turnover. Since the Coch and French study, participation has been the recommended approach for overcoming resistance to change. Empirical research uncovered three additional personal characteristics related to resistance to change.A study of 284 nonmanagerial office personnel (43 percent male) showed that hands-on experience with computers, whether through training or on-the-job practice, fostered more positive attitudes toward working with computers. Finally, high self-efficacy and an internal locus of control were negatively associated with resistance to change. OVERCOMING RESISTANCE TO CHANGE Before recommending specific approaches to overcome resistance, there are three key conclusions that should be kept in mind. First, an organization must be ready for change.Just as a table must be set before you can eat, so must an organization be ready for change before it can be effective. Use the survey to evaluate a company that you worked for or are familiar with that undertook a change effort. Assessing an Organizations Readiness for Change Instructions: Circle the number that best represents your opinions about the company being evaluated. Yes Somewhat No 1. | Is the change effort being sponsored by a senior-level executive (CEO, COO)? | 3 | 2 | 1| 2. | Are all levels of management committed to the change? | 3| 2| 1| 3. | Does the organization culture encourage risk taking? 3 | 2 | 1| 4. | Does the organization culture encourage and reward continuous improvement? | 3 | 2 | 1| 5. | Has senior management clearly articulated the need for change? | 3 | 2 | 1| 6. | Has senior management presented a clear vision of a positive future? | 3 | 2 | 1| 7. | Does the organization use specific measures to assess business performance? | 3 | 2 | 1| 8. | Does the change effort support other major activities going on in the organization? | 3 | 2 | 1| 9. | Has the organization benchmarked itself against world-class companies? | 3 | 2 | 1| 10. | Do all employees understand the customers needs? 3 | 2 | 1| 11. | Does the organization reward individuals and/or teams for being innovative and for looking for root causes of organizational problems? | 3 | 2 | 1| 12. | Is the organization flexible and cooperative? | 3 | 2 | 1| 13. | Does management effectively communicate with all levels of the organization. | 3 | 2 | 1| 14. | Has the organization successfully implemented other change programs? | 3 | 2 | 1| 15. | Do employees take personal responsibility for their behavior? | 3 | 2 | 1| 16. | Does the organization make decisions quickly? | 3 | 2 | 1| Total Score: - - - Source: Based on the discussion contained in T. A. Stewart, Rate your readiness to change, Fortune, February 7,1994, pp. 106-10. (Arbitrary norms are as follows: 48-40 = High readiness for change; 39-24 = Moderate readiness for change; and 23-16 = Low readiness for change. ) What was the companys readiness for change, and how did this evaluation relate to the success of the change effort? Second, organizational change is less successful when top management fails to keep employees informed about the process of change. Third, employees perceptions or interpretations of a change significantly affect resistance.Employees are less likely to resist when they perceive that the benefits of a change overshadow the personal costs. At a minimum then, managers are advised to (1) provide as much information as possible to employees about the change, (2) inform employees about the reasons/rationale for the change, (3) conduct meetings to address employees questions regarding the change, and (4) provide employees the opportunity to discuss how the proposed change might affect them. ORGANIZATION DEVELOPMENT Organization development (OD) is an applied field of study and practice.A pair of OD experts defined organization development as follows: Organization development is concerned with helping managers plan change in organizing and managing people that will develop requisite commitment, coordination, and competence. Its purpose is to enhance both the effectiveness of organizations and the well-being of their members through planned interventions in the organizations human processes, structures, and systems, using knowledge of behavioral science and its intervention methods. As you can see from this definition, OD provides managers with the tools needed to manage organizational change.The four identifying characteristics of OD and its research and practical implications. OD Involves Profound Change Change agents using OD generally desire deep and long-lasting improvement. OD consultant Warner Burke, for example, who strives for fundamental cultural change, wrote: By fundamental change, as opposed to fixing a problem or improving a procedure, I mean that some significant aspect of an organizations culture will never be the same. OD is Value-Loaded Owing to the fact that OD is rooted partially in humanistic psychology, many OD consultants carry certain values or biases into the client organization.They prefer cooperation over conflict, self-control over institutional control, and democratic and participative management over autocratic management. OD Is a Diagnosis/Prescription Cycle OD theorists and practitioners have long adhered to a medical model of organization. Like medical doctors, internal and external OD consultants approach the sick organization, diagnose its ills, prescribe and implement an intervention, and monitor progress. OD Is Process-Oriented Ideally, OD consultants focus on the form and not the content of behavioral and administrative dealings.For example, product design engineers and market researchers might be coached on how to communicate more effectively with one another without the consultant knowing the technical details of their conversations. In addition to communication, OD specialists focus on other processes, including problem solving, decision making, conflict handling, trust, power sharing, and career development. OD Research and Practical Implications OD-related interventions produced the following insights: A recent meta-analysis of 18 studies indicated that employee satisfaction with change was higher when top management was highly committed to the change effort. A recent meta-analysis of 52 studies provided support for the systems model of organizational change. Specifically, varying one target element of change created changes in other target elements. Also, there was a positive relationship between individual behavior change and organizational-level change. A meta-analysis of 126 studies demonstrated that multifaceted interventions using more than one OD technique were more effective in changing job attitudes and work attitudes than interventions that relied on only one human-process or technostructural approach.

Pros and Con of industrial revolution Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Pros and Con of industrial revolution - Essay Example The gains of the revolution outweigh the losses incurred because it elevated human capacity to new heights that had never been witnessed before in history. The revolution led to advances in the agriculture sector. The economy in the 18th and 19th century was based solely on agriculture (More 85). The revolution brought in new ideas that created shifts to the economy to make it more flexible and ensure the flow of wealth across all sectors. Industrial based economy spread the wealth evenly thus guaranteeing job security and specialization of professions. The industry also relied on skills developed over time regarding the performance of the jobs related to it. Many people were able to gain employment since the occupation did not require any extra knowledge to conduct the required job. Industrial revolution led to the enhancement of resource allocation and its use. The revolution became feasible due to the diminishing resources while the population was still growing at a fast pace. The revolution invented ways to ensure that resources such as food, water, basic facilities were allocated effectively. Improved agricultural methods such as water irrigation techniques and water harvesting are some examples used to enhance resource allocation. Prior to the revolution, unemployment was not an issue affecting the countries’ economies. However, unemployment became worse after the industrial revolution. Most people were replaced in their capacities to perform certain duties with the introduction of machines. This meant that they had difficulties in providing for their families thus degrading their life standards even further. They became vulnerable to contacting diseases. Subsequently the lack of employment led to an increase in crime and the emergence of shanties since people were unwilling to relocate back to villages. Citizens’ migration from the rural to urban areas in search of jobs led to a deficit in knowledge gaps (Hopkins

Working conditions Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Working conditions - Coursework Example Millions of Americans have put their health on the line due to unhealthy eating habits and neglect for their healthcare needs. With the rising cost of healthcare and insurance coverage that the employers have had to shoulder recently because of the advent of the Obama Health Care Act, some of them have decided to take matters into their own hands and force their employees to become healthy for their own good and the good of the pocketbook of the company. Although their concerns are valid, the reason behind it is not. Some of them have opted to punish employees who have chosen not to participate in the company wellness programs by having them pay hefty fines. This paper will look into the legality of such actions and if it is a just punishment for an employee who does not wish to participate in the employee wellness programs. Facts and other pertinent data will be presented using various online reputable sources such as newspapers, journals, interviews, and the like. Do You Think an O verweight Employee Who Chooses Not to Participate in a Wellness Program Should be Penalized? We live in a modern society that provides us with more than ample means of living a healthy lifestyle through the proper nutrition intake, diet, and exercise. However, most people fail to take advantage of these basic opportunities presented to them. The result is a weakened state of health for the individual. As such, the individual ends up requiring much more healthcare than his insurance program can provide. Added to this 3 problem is the fact that the new health care laws of the United States has made it more difficult and expensive for the employers to keep their employees covered with ample medical insurance benefits. The continued rising cost of healthcare coverage has thus forced some employers to take the health matters of their employees in their own hands by forcing them to participate in a company mandated healthcare program or face severe penalties for non-participation. Their i ntention is clear, to keep their health care costs down, but at the expense of sticking their noses in where it does not belong, in the private lives of their employees. Their participate or pay fines choice disrespects the freedom of an individual to choose how he lives his life and how he participates in various activities. It would appear that an increasing number of companies are opting for such health care rider coverage for their employees. As many as; â€Å"almost half (47%) of companies already use or plan to use financial penalties over the next three to five years on workers who don’t take part in health-improvement programs.† (Bilski, 2010). With 81 percent of the companies punishing the non participants by; (Bilski, 2010) increasing deductibles (17%), and increasing out-of-pocket expenses (17%). However, just because the companies choose to implement such punishments does not make it right. Admittedly, these acts of forced healthcare participation are legal (Goldberg, 2012). The reason is simple, those who choose to keep themselves healthy by living properly and participating in healthcare programs should not be made to carry 4 the burden of coverage for his or her co-workers who cannot be bothered or do not care about their health. But, there is something that got lost in legal translation here. Companies are allowed to encourage employees to participate in wellness programs to a certain extent only. The rules as outlined by the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission dictates that (â€Å"Is My Company's Wellness Program Legal?†); â€Å"... an employer may conduct medical examinations and activities that are part of a voluntary wellness and health screening program. Therefore, offering employees the opportunity to voluntarily participate in health screening

Against equality of opportunity Essay Example for Free

Against equality of opportunity Essay Rawls is a little to extreme to apply to television presenting as his theories but the point is still there that just because your talented in one area you shouldnt be put on a new level. People who were not successful in the genetic lottery should be helped to, this can clearly be applied to the success sport stars receive because of their bodies, not something everyone can choose.  Dworkin is similar Rawls, all should be treated with the same rules, Dworkin however places a much higher value on ambition rather than endowment. People should receive equality of resources not welfare, with society rewarding those with the ambition, those who make the effort. In the context of this essay therefore the sport star would be the one who benefits. They can be seen as making a huge effort and having the determination to succeed in an entirely competitive world, they therefore should get the job over someone who hasnt shown the same level of ambition or effort in their life. Cohen however finds this harder; he argues that ambitions and endowments are difficult to evaluate and to distinguish between. Ambitions are integrally related to endowments, those with intelligence and talents might have more ambition, just as much or they might have less, we do not know. As with Dworkin, the reason people do well is responsibility of choice. Sport stars are people who have a talent, the reason they do well is because they do not squander it, they make the right choice to do well in their life. The reason people are unsuccessful is down to irresponsible choices or sometimes bad luck. Sport stars therefore should get jobs in presenting if they chose to try that career and are good at it, at the same time however the successful do have a responsibility to those who are unsuccessful because of bad luck. Everyone in that situation should have an equal right to welfare and resources. This argues that sports stars should not just get the presenting jobs automatically, som etimes a retired star is better, sometimes the trained present will be more deserving of the success, each individual is different. As with the others, Rae we all begin with begin with an opportunity to equal means, but he believes this will lead to unequal prospects. He argues making merit a criterion for success will cause peoples differing talents and intelligence to make prospects for success unequal. Because some are much better than others in any given area (in this case sporting knowledge and ability) they will have the unfair advantage to do well in such careers at the expense of the disadvantaged that dont have those talents. This however, also means the people who get hired, for jobs such as sports television presenters, will be the people who are best for the job. Retired sport stars know their game through and through and this added level of knowledge puts them on a better standing, they can give more information and perhaps pass on a love of the sport which got them to where they now are. This therefore argues compared to someone just trained in presenting, sport stars are those who should be present ing the program as they can give more to the people watching. Despite this argument there are still successful programs like Soccer A.M which are not presented by stars and are still very popular, on the whole however with most current sports programs show a definite trend in using ex-stars to front the programs. Perhaps this is because the television companies believe the celebrity of the star will attract viewers, perhaps they feel the stars know all about the sport and so can present and discuss it better. Whatever the reasons there are many strong theories and arguments for both sides, showing the situation could be both fair and unfair in places it just depends on personal views on ambition, talent and choices. Bibliography Cavanagh, M. Against equality of opportunity, Clarendon Press, Oxford, 2002.

Karl Marx Essay -- Communism Communist

KARL MARX: A CRITICAL PROFILE 1. Contribution Like Charles Darwin (1809-82), his contemporary, Karl Marx (1818-83) has had a profound impact on modern thought. This German philosopher, social scientist, and professional revolutionary formulated a theory of social change that influenced most modern forms of socialism and communism. Marx pioneered conflict theory. Motivated by a belief in human emancipation, he tried to discover a way to free people from the social, political, and economic constraints that prevent them from reaching their full potential. Marx used to say: Philosophers explain only; critical theorists translated theory into practice. 2. Early life Marx grew up in Trier, Prussia, the son of Jewish lawyer who converted to Christianity in order to keep his job. During the period 1835-41, he studied (in 1835) law at the University of Bon and he studied (in 1837) philosophy at the University of Berlin, falling under the influence of the idealist philosopher G.W.F. Hegel (1770-1831), who interpreted the whole of history as the process by which "Spirit" (and consequently humanity) progressed towards complete self-knowledge and a "rational" and "free" society. Marx looked to Hegel for help in uncovering the principle that would explain historical change; he wanted to know how slavery gave way to feudalism and how feudalism gave way to capitalism. About this time, he joined a group of leftist radical socialists who attacked the Prussian government. He graduated (in 1841) Ph.D. at the University of Jena, but could not obtain a university teaching job because of his subversive views. During the period 1842-48, Marx made his living as a free-lance journalist and political activist. For a while, he wrote for the R... ...e. He predicted the revolutions that came later, but he misread the proletariat altogether; peasants make revolutions, the proletariat do not. Marx's dialectical materialism, combined with semiotics, offers social scientists a powerful tool for studying the political signification of every facet of contemporary culture, including television, film, music, fashion, and sports. They show how people absorb capitalist values via political rhetoric, news reporting, advertising, and public relations. 6. Works Cited Engels, Fr. "Karl Marx's Funeral." 1999. Available at: http://www.ex.ac.uk/Projects/meia/Archive/1883-Death/dersoz1.htm Karl Marx: Timeline (the Marx/Engels Internet Archive). 1999. Available at http://tqd.advanced.org/3376/MARX2.htm Marx, Karl, and Friedrich Engels. 1967. The Communist Manifesto (1848), introduced by A.J.P. Taylor. London: Penguin Books. Karl Marx Essay -- Communism Communist KARL MARX: A CRITICAL PROFILE 1. Contribution Like Charles Darwin (1809-82), his contemporary, Karl Marx (1818-83) has had a profound impact on modern thought. This German philosopher, social scientist, and professional revolutionary formulated a theory of social change that influenced most modern forms of socialism and communism. Marx pioneered conflict theory. Motivated by a belief in human emancipation, he tried to discover a way to free people from the social, political, and economic constraints that prevent them from reaching their full potential. Marx used to say: Philosophers explain only; critical theorists translated theory into practice. 2. Early life Marx grew up in Trier, Prussia, the son of Jewish lawyer who converted to Christianity in order to keep his job. During the period 1835-41, he studied (in 1835) law at the University of Bon and he studied (in 1837) philosophy at the University of Berlin, falling under the influence of the idealist philosopher G.W.F. Hegel (1770-1831), who interpreted the whole of history as the process by which "Spirit" (and consequently humanity) progressed towards complete self-knowledge and a "rational" and "free" society. Marx looked to Hegel for help in uncovering the principle that would explain historical change; he wanted to know how slavery gave way to feudalism and how feudalism gave way to capitalism. About this time, he joined a group of leftist radical socialists who attacked the Prussian government. He graduated (in 1841) Ph.D. at the University of Jena, but could not obtain a university teaching job because of his subversive views. During the period 1842-48, Marx made his living as a free-lance journalist and political activist. For a while, he wrote for the R... ...e. He predicted the revolutions that came later, but he misread the proletariat altogether; peasants make revolutions, the proletariat do not. Marx's dialectical materialism, combined with semiotics, offers social scientists a powerful tool for studying the political signification of every facet of contemporary culture, including television, film, music, fashion, and sports. They show how people absorb capitalist values via political rhetoric, news reporting, advertising, and public relations. 6. Works Cited Engels, Fr. "Karl Marx's Funeral." 1999. Available at: http://www.ex.ac.uk/Projects/meia/Archive/1883-Death/dersoz1.htm Karl Marx: Timeline (the Marx/Engels Internet Archive). 1999. Available at http://tqd.advanced.org/3376/MARX2.htm Marx, Karl, and Friedrich Engels. 1967. The Communist Manifesto (1848), introduced by A.J.P. Taylor. London: Penguin Books.

Black Slavery among the Cherokee Indians Essay

Despite the great attention that Black slavery are getting from different groups and individuals, the plight remains as there are some aspects that need to be further scrutinized and observed. Based on available literature, the slavery on Black tribes has been given only given a limited attention and that there has been a very low awareness that there exists slavery in the tribes of the Blacks Americans, including the Cherokee Indians. Southern histories which are supposed to retell the stories of Southern Americans do not provide a clear understanding and a vivid account on the slavery Cherokee nation. There are no available accounts of the complete history of the Cherokees and if there is, it only provides a little space for the discussion of the Cherokees—but nothing substantive, really. The Cherokees are said to be slave owners and regard themselves as a superior tribe. But despite their being slave owners, they treat their slave humanely unlike their white counterparts. The book Red over Black: Black Slavery among the Cherokee Indians written by R. Halliburton Jr. basically revolves around this idea and unmasks the unknown facts of slavery in Cherokee Indians. revolves around this issue The author exposed the different aspects of slavery in Cherokees and appears to have exhausted the literature available with regards to the Indian Cherokees. The author made use of historical accounts to present factual thoughts on Indian Cherokee slavery. The book is written in outline form so as to provide the readers a chronological narrative of the facts and data about the Indian Cherokee slavery. The book is written in detail as the author employed a descriptive and narrative style to provide a clearer scenario of what he is trying to relate to his readers. The author presented his perspective in the issue on slavery of Indian Cherokees—or Indians in general. The author related that Indian Cherokees give benefits to their slaves. They even provide training for the development of their slaves. Their slaves are even hired to serve as carpenters, gardeners or other works that they deem in line with the slave’s capacities. After a while, these slaves would be eventually set free. Perhaps, the intended audience of the author is the general public who has little knowledge on the culture and history of Black slavery particularly on the side of the Cherokees. The book could serve as a tool for realization of the intended audience to what the Indian Cherokees has to offer. The book offers a different perspective on slavery. The usual accounts of literature would project slavery as one extremely negative thing—the scenario that slaves are always overworked and unpaid. The book also breaks the stereotypes among Black Americans or Indians. The blacks are always depicted as inferior and powerless, but this book did otherwise. The book, I think, succeeded in persuading me in the thesis presented. Through the author’s analytical narratives and description, he was able to present his points and ideas clearly and effectively. Generally, the book is commendable in its effort to unmask the unexplored part of the American history. It is an attempt in breaking the stereotype of the inferiority of the Blacks. More so, it is an excellent source in presenting another perspective of the American history while upholding the empowerment of the Black Americans. The author, R. Halliburton Jr. , is an author of a number of books pertaining to Black Americans. The usual themes of his book are the discrimination and interesting facts addressing the social plight of the Black Americans. Reference: Halliburton, R. Red over Black: Black Slavery among the Cherokee Indians. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1977.

Computer Science At The University Of Arkansas At Little Rock

I did my Bachelor of Science in Electrical and Electronic Engineering from Bangladesh University of Engineering Technology (BUET). From the very beginning I took every opportunity to get specialized in various areas of computer science and engineering. Very recently I have completed my first semester of study towards the MS degree in Computer Science at the University of Arkansas at Little Rock. I have successfully completed project works in trending areas of artificial intelligence, image processing and network security. I have over two years of professional experience focused on distributed and cloud computing from several reputed Information Technology oriented companies in my country. My academic and research interest include the†¦show more content†¦Other notable works during that timeframe includes the design and implementation of a 16 channel computer based logic analyzer to analyze logic state of a digital communication channel. It was capable to detect frequency u p to 10 Mhz. The most difficult part in this project was USB interfacing between microcontroller and computer which was needed to get the real time logic state output in the computer screen. So I designed and programmed a USB driver that enable the data communication between computer and Logic analyzer. Apart from that I developed a sound understanding on modern telecommunication system and computer infrastructure which drives our business and technology centric lifestyle. I paid attention on the practical implementation of those technologies in a number of projects and explored various areas of research such as data encryption and network security. In summary I wanted to explore the root of knowledge and conduct deeper research in those areas. Since then, I cherished to pursue graduate studies so that I would be able to research independently. Besides developing a mindset to be a future researcher, I have gathered extensive teaching experience. In my college years I used to be a me ntor and I had taught hundreds of students in various coaching centers in Dhaka. I secured a technical education board